Procedure Set the clipboard on a flat surface. Clip a paper towel sheet onto the clipboard. If you cut a strip out of the sheet for the penny wrapping, put that space at the bottom of the clipboard.
Place both penny stacks you made on the clipboard so that they're both touching the clip at the top. They should be touching the clip lengthwise but not touching one another. Make sure both stacks are placed so that their rough tape edges are facing up, and the paper towel strip or smooth taped side of the stacks is down, touching the clipboard. How does the bottom of each stack feel compared with one another? Is one much smoother than the other? Holding on to the clipboard clip, slowly and steadily lift that end of the clipboard.
Make sure the opposite side stays down, touching the flat surface. Which stack of pennies slides down the clipboard first as you increase its angle? Stop tilting the clipboard as soon as one of the stacks of pennies starts to slide down.
Repeat this process at least nine more times for a total of 10 trials. Each time be sure to start with the clipboard laying flat on a flat surface and with both stacks of pennies sitting next to one another by the clip. Also make sure to slowly lift the clipboard each time. For each trial, which stack of pennies slides down the clipboard first? Are your results fairly consistent? If one stack of pennies usually slid down the clipboard first, why do you think this happened?
Why do you think the angle of repose the angle after which an object slides down a slope may have been different for the two different stacks of pennies? Sample collection and preparation The sampling points were first localized in the digital environment in ArcGIS Table 1 Statistical data of the soil properties. Table 2 Main data from the fitted semivariograms. Table 3 Main fitting quality indicators obtained in the validation of the adjustments for each property.
Table 4 Analysis of the correlation between hydraulic conductivity and soil properties in the solum. Table 5 Analysis of correlation between soil thickness and texture of soil from the surface of C horizon. References Ab'saber, A. Aquino, R. Bogner, C. Journal of Hydro logy, 1 , Costanzo, D. Natural Hazards Earth System Sci ence, 12 1 , Di Martire, D. Natural Hazards Earth System Sci ence , 12 1 , Fonseca, L. Geotecnia , 1 , Gomes, M. Kamimura, K. Klimes, J. Natural Hazards Earth System Sci ence , 10 1 , Medeiros, J.
Petschko, H. Natural Hazards Earth System Sci ence , 14 1 , Rezende, S. Ruiz, H. Sadeghi, S. Journal of Hydro logy , 1 , Sampaio, F. Santos, G. Revista Energia na Agricultura , 26 2 , Silva, A. Vestena, L. Revista Brasileira de Geomorfologia , 15 1 , Vieira, S. Western, C. Engineering Geology , 4 , Yfantis, E. Matematical Geology , 19 3 , Yamamoto, J. Zizioli, D. Natural Hazards Earth System Sci ence , 13 1 , Publication Dates Publication in this collection Mar History Received 13 Jan Accepted 17 June This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
Figures 6 Tables 5 Formulas 1. Skip to content. Twitter Facebook Pinterest Google Classroom. Encyclopedic Entry Vocabulary. A landslide is the movement of rock , earth , or debris down a slope d section of land. Landslides are caused by rain , earthquake s, volcano es, or other factors that make the slope unstable. Geologist s, scientists who study the physical formations of the Earth, sometimes describe landslides as one type of mass wasting.
A mass wasting is any downward movement in which the Earth's surface is worn away. Other types of mass wasting include rockfall s and the flow of shore deposits called alluvium. Near populated areas, landslides present major hazard s to people and property. Landslides have three major causes: geology , morphology , and human activity.
Geology refers to characteristic s of the material itself. The earth or rock might be weak or fracture d, or different layers may have different strengths and stiffness.
Morphology refers to the structure of the land. For example, slopes that lose their vegetation to fire or drought are more vulnerable to landslides. Vegetation holds soil in place, and without the root system s of trees, bushes, and other plants, the land is more likely to slide away.
A classic morphological cause of landslides is erosion , or weakening of earth due to water. In April , the town of Thistle, Utah, experienced a devastating landslide brought on by heavy rains and rapidly melting snow. A mass of earth eventually totaling meters wide, 61 meters thick, and 1. The landslide was the costliest in U. Human activity, such as agriculture and construction , can increase the risk of a landslide.
Irrigation , deforestation , excavation , and water leakage are some of the common activities that can help destabilize, or weaken, a slope. There are many ways to describe a landslide. The nature of a landslide's movement and the type of material involved are two of the most common. There are several ways of describing how a landslide moves.
These include falls, topples, translational slides, lateral spreads, and flows. In falls and topples, heavy blocks of material fall after separating from a very steep slope or cliff. Boulders tumbling down a slope would be a fall or topple. This handbook is intended to be a resource for people affected by landslides to acquire further knowledge, especially about the conditions that are unique to their neighborhoods and communities. Considerable literature and research are available concerning landslides, but unfortunately little of it is synthesized and integrated to address the This set of videos presents about 18 hours of footage documenting the experiments conducted at the USGS debris-flow flume from to Owing to improvements in video technology over the years, the quality of footage from recent experiments generally exceeds that from earlier experiments.
Use the list below to access the individual videos Landslides occur and can cause damage in all 50 States. Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires can cause widespread slope instability.
Landslide danger may be high even as emergency personnel are providing rescue and recovery services. To address landslide hazards, several questions must be considered Southern California lies astride a major tectonic plate boundary defined by the San Andreas Fault and numerous related faults that are spread across a broad region.
This dataset consists of polygons enclosing areas of landslide incidence and susceptibility for the conterminous United States. The accompanying landslide overview map of the conterminous United States is one of a series of National Environmental Overview Maps that summarize geologic, hydrogeologic, and topographic data essential to the assessment of national environmental problems.
The map delineates areas where large numbers of landslides exist and areas which are A new landslide guidebook released February 5 is now available for Puerto Rico residents to learn more about the landslide hazards that can impact the island. Geological Survey today unveiled a new web-based interactive map that marks an important step toward mapping areas that could be at higher risk for future landslides. In collaboration with state geological surveys and other federal agencies, USGS has compiled much of the existing landslide data into a searchable, web-based interactive map called the U.
Landslide Inventory Map. A new "Science for Everyone" article summarizes a recent publication about the potential of landslide-triggered tsunamis in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve.
The following is an updated version of a story first published in March of The USGS uses cutting edge technologies to investigate and forecast landslides and other natural hazards. Landslides and debris flows could happen in areas where intense rainfall occurs. Big Sur Landslide fly around from May 27, , a preliminary computer animation. The slide created roughly 13 acres of new California land.
Photograph from aerial survey showing the upper parts of the landslide in northwest Washington. Photograph showing landslides covering State Route 1 near Ohau Point. The route was impacted my several landslides and is the main north-south highway on the eastern part of the South Island of New Zealand. As many as 80, landslides occurred as the result of a magnitude 7. The earthquake and landslides caused. Debris flows are hazardous flows of rock, sediment and water that surge down mountain slopes and into adjacent valleys.
Spectacular debris flow footage, recorded by Franck Lavigne of the. Laser scanning the entire Cleveland Corral landslide from across the valley during an active spring Repeat scans are used to detect movement throughout the slide.
Skip to main content. Search Search. Natural Hazards. Landslide Inventory Web Application. Apply Filter. What should I know about wildfires and debris flows? Wildland fires are inevitable in the western United States.
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